References/Further Reading

Further Reading

Click the links below to learn more about the American system of policing. ​

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• Forced Into Homelessness: The Criminalization of Homelessness in Connecticut

• Governing.com--Fiscal cost of police misconduct

• How Governments Pay--Lawsuits, Budgets and Police Reform

• Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program

• Militarization fails to enhance safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation

• National Conference of State Legislators--State Trends in Law Enforcement

• Policing Project--Comprehensive Reporting

• The Atlantic--Stop Training Police Like They're Joining the Military

• The Future of Stop and Frisk

• The Trace--The Warrior Cop Mentality

• USA Today--National Failure to Collect Statistics on Police Killings​

• Vox--Civil Asset Forfeiture States Map

• What States Require De-escalation Training?

State Research

Click on a state to expand sources.

• Alabama Legislative Website

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• ​Alabama disorderly conduct and harassment

• Alabama Legislature--Mandate crisis intervention training for officers

• AL Reporter--How qualified immunity affected an AL man shot during a police sting

• Basics of Alabama disorderly conduct and harassment

• Buzzfeed News--1033 military program participation

• Huntsville Crisis Intervention Team training program

• Institute for Justice--AL civil asset forfeiture

• Justia AL--Justification for police stop

• Little known AL law says felons must carry special ID card

• Montgomery Mayor considers citizen review board

• States that have stand your ground laws

• Alaska Legislative Website

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• Pro Publica: AG Barr declares Alaska police emergency

• Pro Publica: Alaska Law Enforcement Crisis

• Arizona Legislative Website

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• AG calls for independent police misconduct investigations

• AZ Department of Public Safety traffic stop reports

• Arizona Legislature--Banning police quotas

• Blue Courage AZ Law Enforcement Academy

• Campaign Zero--AZ Demilitarization

• How Governments Pay--Lawsuits, Budgets and Police Reform

• How to report police misconduct in AZ

• Institute for Justice--AZ civil asset forfeiture

• Novak Law--AZ Supreme Court reasonable suspicion ruling

• Tempe, AZ line item budget

• Arkansas Legislative Website

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• Arkansas Crisis Intervention Team

• Arkansas Civil Asset Forfeiture

• Arkansas Democratic Gazette--Qualified Immunity

• Justia--AR quota ban

• Residents sue Little Rock over no-knock warrants

• California Legislative Website

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• ABC LA--Independent prosecutors

• Ballotopedia--CA Proposition 47

• California Legislature--Emergency services community grant program

• California Legislature--Law enforcement use of force settlements

• California Legislature--Military equipment purchases

• California Legislature--Racial profiling

• California Peace Officer Standards Training

• Desert Sun News--911 mental health alternatives

• Mercury News--CA eliminates bail for low level offenses

• NPR--Prosecutors and police contributions

• SHOUSE CA Law Group-The knock and announce rule

• The Atlantic--Police department insurance

• Colorado Legislative Website

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• Colorado classification of petty crimes

• Colorado definition of harassment

• Colorado Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture reforms

• Colorado Legislature--Defining a peace officer

• Colorado Legislature--Enhance Law Enforcement Integrity

• Colorado Legislature--No knock warrants

• Colorado Legislature--Offense level for controlled substances

• KDVR News--Denver mental health response team

• Connecticut Legislative Website

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• Connecticut Legislature--Penalty for non-violent drug offenses

• Connecticut Legislature--Police Accountability (Bill 6004)

• Connecticut Legislature--Police use of force and accountability

• Connecticut Law--Traffic quotas

• CT Mirror--Should police be social workers

• CT Mirror--Police task force outlines 22 reform priorities

• Forbes--Connecticut just banned civil asset forfeiture without a conviction

• Delaware Legislative Website

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• Delaware lawmakers, Attorney General propose major reforms

• Delaware Legislature--Office of Civil Rights and Public Trust

• Delaware Legislature--Officer authority to conduct a traffic stop

• Delaware mental health crisis intervention

• Delaware Online Op-ed--Ban police quotas

• Executive order: Police reform

• Institute for Justice--Delaware civil asset forfeiture

• Marijuana Policy Program-DE Decriminalization

• Military surplus equipment all over Delaware

• NAMI Delaware--Health crisis resources for law enforcement

• Wilmington repeals begging and panhandeling provisions

• Courthouse News--D.C.Court asked to review loitering case

• D.C. Council unanimously passes police reform bill

• D.C. Council reallocates budget

• D.C. Department of Behavioral Health-Crisis Intervention Officer program

• D.C. Metropolitan Police Department--Marijuana

• D.C. MPD--Stop Data

• Institute for Justice--D.C.

• NBC Washington--Metro transit police testify about quotas

• Florida Legislative Website

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• Blue Courage--Partial Client List

• Can Florida officers pull me over for no reason

• Florida bans traffic ticket quotas

• Florida Civil Asset Forfeiture 2016 reform

• Florida Highway Safety and Motor Vehicle Department--Crash citation reports

• Florida Legislature--Knock and Announce requirement

• Florida Legislature--Marijuana decriminalization

• Florida reasonable suspicion defined

• Florida State Laws--Police misconduct and civil rights

• Fox 4 News--FL department replacing officers with social workers

• MPP--Florida marijuana decriminalization one city at a time

• ProPublica--Walking While Black (Jacksonville)

• Orlando Sentinel--Orlando mental health pilot program

• Georgia Legislative Website

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• All on Georgia-Civil asset forfeiture

• Atlanta Citizens Review Board

• Blue Courage

• Forbes--Georgia Department Returns over $2 Million Sized from Small Businesses

• GA Law Enforcement Certification Program

• Georgia ACLU

• Georgia Crisis Intervention Team

• Georgia Lawmakers HB 56: No-Knock Warrants

• Hawaii Legislative Website

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• Hawaii participation in 1033 Program

• Institute for Justice--Hawai'i governor intends to veto reform for civil asset forfeiture

• Khon News--Hawai'i ticket quotas

• NORML-HI marijuana decriminalization

• Star Advertiser News--Social service workers and police officers join forces

• The Honalulu Advertiser--2001 police quotas memo

• U.S. Sen. Schatz--Stop police militarization

• What happened to Hawai'i's police oversight board?

• Idaho Legislative Website

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• City of Boise--Police Oversight

• Idaho Police Academy

• Idaho State Legislature-Civil Asset Forfeiture

• Idaho State Legislature-Jaywalking

• Idaho Statesman--Social Workers and Police Officers

• Illinois Legislative Website

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• Blue Courage training in Chicago

• BND News--Illinois legislators consider police reform

• Chicago Reporter--Police reporting requirements

• Illinois Gov Executive Order--Civil asset forfeiture

• Illinois Legislature--Dedicated mental health response team

• Illinois Legislature--Marijuana decriminalization

• Illinois Legislature--Special prosecutor for instances of misconduct

• Illinois Policy--Banning ticket quotas in Chicago

• Indiana Legislative Website

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• Indiana Department of Administration--Available weapons through the 1033 program

• Indiana Legislature--Be Well crisis helpline

• Indiana Senate Democrats--End jail time for marijuana

• Indiana Senate Republicans--Civil Asset Forfeiture reform

• Indiana Supreme Court finds law enforcement can keep forfeiture funds

• Indianapolis paid out $6.1 million in settlements since Jan 2018

• WDRB News--Indianapolis police will no longer use no-knock warrants

• NWI Times--Women sue Indianapolis police officers for excessive force

• WFYI News--Indiana Black Caucus outlines specific justice reforms

• Iowa Legislative Website

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• Des Moines Register--Iowa anti-racial profiling ordinance

• Des Moines Register--Iowa police reform bill

• Iowa City proposes police reforms, focus on mental health

• Iowa Supreme Court strengthens qualified immunity

• Justia--IA ticket quota law​

• NAMI Iowa--Iowa law enforcement improved responses to mental illness

• Kansas Legislative Website

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• Incident Based Reporting Handbook

• Kansas officer who fatally shot troubled teen gets $70,000 payout

• Kansas use of 1033 surplus programs

• Oakland Park Mental Health Services

• Police reform task force leaves out Black District Attorney

• Kentucky Legislative Website

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• FWPL News--Under pressure more Kentucky agencies report asset seizures

• Kentucky Annual Crime Report 2018

• NBC News--Kentucky AG will serve as special prosecutor in Breonna Taylor case

• NY Times--Breonna's Law

• Louisiana Legislative Website

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• Justia--LA ticket quota law

• LA Budget--Mental Health

• LSU Law Review-Civil asset forfeiture

• Louisiana Deputy cleared in fatal no-knock raid

• Louisiana House rejects qualified immunity bill

• New Orleans City Council police reform

• Southern Poverty Law Center-Louisiana Reporting Laws

• Bangor Daily News--Maine police militarization

• Bangor Daily News--Police have opposed efforts to track treatment of minorities

• Bangor Daily News--Why ticket quotas are a bad idea

• Law Enforcement system reform in Maine

• Maine ACLU--Law enforcement flouting property seizure laws

• Maine CIT Program

• Maine Legislature--Marijuana decriminalization

• Maine police union legal defense fund

• Maine state police agencies vow to improve

• Maryland Legislature

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• Baltimore Policy 1018 Quality of Life Offenses

• Capital Police Service--Do Maryland police target minorities

• Maryland bans citation quotas

• Maryland Governor's Office--Seizure and forfeiture reporting

• Maryland Legislature--Federal surplus equipment purchases

• Maryland Legislature--Mental health awareness training

• Maryland Legislature--SWAT team reporting

• Maryland Matters--Police training and standards panel

• Maryland Police Reform complete briefing

• Montgomery County wants to expand Mental Health Crisis Unit

• Montgomery County independent investigation

• Shooting of Ricky Walker Jr highlights failure of mental health response strategy

• The Sentinel-Maryland SWAT team reporting

• WBAL News-MD police reform work group

• Massachusetts Legislature

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• Institute for Justice--MA

• MA Arrest/Jail Diversion Program

• MA Legislature--Ban No-Knock Warrants

• MA Legislature--Decriminalization

• MA Legislature--POST training update

• Mass Live News--Ticket quotas

• Michigan Legislature

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• Freep News--Gov Whitmer limits asset forfeiture

• Lansing police ban no knock warrants

• MCOLES Mental health program

• Michigan Attorney General proposals for police reform

• Michigan Governor proposes additional police reforms

• Michigan Legislature--SWAT reporting

• Michigan Legislature--Traffic ticket quotas

• Minnesota Legislature

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• Institute for Justice--MN

• Minnesota Legislature--Police accountability (HF1)

• Minnesota Senate--Officer use of force

• Mother Jones--Warrior style police training

• Mississippi Legislature

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• ACLU MS-- 2018 criminal justice reform

• Jackson Jambalaya--updates to probable cause

• Jackson Mayor wants to hold police accountable

• Mississippi Department of Mental Health-CIT

• MS Legislature--Ticket quotas

• Missouri Legislature

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• ACLU MO--The truth about Missouri criminal justice

• ACLU--Uncle Sam helping Missouri cops (civil asset forfeiture)

• AP News--Missouri AG sues over ticket quotas

• Attorney General Vehicle Stop reports summary

• Missouri Legislature--Marijuana decriminalization

• Missouri Council Crisis Intervention Team

• MO Legislature--End equitable sharing

• St. Louis launches independent police accountability unit

• The Missouri Times--Republican proposes police reform bill

• The Urban Institute--Police body camera use

• Montana Legislature

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• Bozeman Daily Chronicle--CIT Montana

• Institute for Justice--Montana civil asset forfeiture

• Missoula County Sheriffs introduce Blue Courage program

• Montana Legislature--Military weapons transfer programs

• MT Peace Officer Standards Training

• MT Use of Force Data Portal

• Nebraska Legislature

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• Forbes--Nebraska Civil Asset Forfeiture

• Lutheran Family Services--Mental Health police partnership

• Nebraska Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice--Blue Courage

• Nebraska Legislature--Independent Prosecutor

• Nebraska Legislature--Ticket quotas

• Nevada Legislature

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• Lawmakers review traffic offenses

• Nevada Crisis Support Team

• Nevada Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture reform

• Nevada Legislature--Officer training reform

• Nevada police reform rolls back legal protection for officers

• New Hampshire Legislature

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• Concord Monitor--Mental health policing alternatives

• Governor passes police reform bill 2020

• How NH investigates police misconduct

• New Hampshire Legislature--Prohibiting the purchase of military surplus

• NHBR--Improvements to police training

• The Center Square--Asset forfeiture transparency law

• New Jersey Legislature

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• ACLU NJ- 1033 program

• Archer Attorneys--New Jersey Supreme Court qualified immunity

• Justia--NJ police ticket quota

• Law.com--NJ raises threshold for no-knock warrants

• NJ Excellence in Policing Initiative

• NJ Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture

• NJ Legislature--Mandatory minimums

• NJ Legislature--Police reform 2020

• NJ Marijuana legalization

• NJSP Office of Law Enforcement Professional Standards Report May 2020

• North Jersey News--Ban no-knock warrants

• North Jersey News--Mental health and police reform

• The Atlantic--NJ AG leading on police reform

• New Mexico Legislature

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• Albuquerque civilian response team

• Attorney General search and seizure manual

• Daily Lobo--Substantially reforming qualified immunity

• KRGE News--Albuquerque proposing APD move away from 1033 program

• New Mexico ends civil asset forfeiture

• New Mexico Legislature--Independent prosecutor for misconduct

• Study model law enforcement training

• New York Legislative Website

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• Daily News--ending qualified immunity

• Manhattan Institute--Deinstitutionalization

• New York City use of Long Range Acoustic Devices

• New York Upstate-Marijuana decriminalization

• NBC New York-Sex work decriminalization

• NY Senate--Press release-demilitarization

• NY Senate--Warrants

• NY Law Journal--Civil asset forfeiture

• NY Senate--Quotas

• Syracuse--Voting on June police reforms

• North Carolina Legislature

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• AP News--Beyond no-knock warrants: Push in states to reform

• ACLU NC--Know your rights at a police stop

• Highway Patrol bans ticket quotas

• Institute for Justice--NC Civil asset forfeiture

• NC Police agencies don't release use of force reports

• Transforming North Carolina's mental health and substance use systems

• North Dakota Legislature

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• Lack of police disciplinary action

• ND 24-7 Behavioral Health response team

• ND Civil asset forfeiture reform 2019

• ND Guard partial training waiver (military -> police)

• NORML--ND reduces marijuana possession penalties

• Turning military vets into police officers in just 2 weeks

• Ohio Legislature

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• Fraternal Police views on qualified immunity

• Marijuana Decriminalization

• Ohio Crisis Intervention Training

• Ohio Legislation--Military surplus programs

• Ohio now requires criminal convictions for many civil asset forfeiture cases

• Tri-C News--Blue Courage mandate in Ohio

• Oklahoma Legislature

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• Ballotpedia--OK Reclassification of some drugs and property crimes

• City of OKC--Interacting with police officers

• City of Tulsa--Mental health services

• City of Tulsa--Community policing commission

• Fox 23 News--OK bill filed to end traffic ticket quotas

• Institute for Justice--OK civil asset forfeiture

• Officers called to subdue hospital patient end up killing him

• Oklahoma Watch--Racial profiling charges remain scarce

• Oklahoman--Law enforcement agencies stock up on military grade equipment

• OK Mental Health CIT program

• Oregon Legislature

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• CNN--Oregon traffic stop ruling

• CAHOOTS

• NBC Local-Civil asset forfeiture

• Oregon Legislature--Liability

• Oregon Legislature--Reporting stops

• Oregon Legislature--Transparency measures

• Oregon pedestrian laws

• Pamplin Media--Officer hunches

• Portland independent police review

• 'Serious impacts' of proposed Measure 11 reform (HB. 2002)

• The Oregonian--1033 usage

• The Oregonian--Police training

• Pennsylvania Legislature

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• Case Law--Commonwealth vs Adams

• Case Law--Commonwealth vs Chase

• Case Law--Commonwealth vs Gary

• CBS Local--Gov Wolf announces training requirements

• Ending Immunity for Excessive Use of Force Act

• PA Legislature--Banning ticket quotas

• PA Legislature--Recording force incidents​

• PA Legislature--Use of force bill

• PA Senate--End civil asset forfeiture

• Senator Haywood press release--special prosecutor

• Senator Sharif press release--Re-imagining public safety

• WHYY--Philly police to start flagging 911 calls that involve a behavioral health crisis

• Rhode Island Legislature

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• Boston Globe--RI impediments to police accountability

• Independent RI--South County crisis intervention teams

• NORML--Rhode Island marijuana decriminalization

• RI ACLU--Ticket quotas

• RI AG establishes special civil rights team

• Rhode Island General Assembly-Expungement of decriminalized crimes

• Rhode Island Legislature--Changing the Law Enforcement Officer's Bill of Rights

• Rhode Island Legislature--Mental health training

• Rhode Island Legislature--Objective justification and reporting

• Rhode Island Legislature--Review Police Officer's Bill of Rights

• Rhode Island Press Releases--Metts civil asset forfeiture reform

• Rhode Island Police Officer's Association--Twenty for 2020

• South Carolina Legislature

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• Forbes--SC could abolish civil forfeiture

• Greenville Legal--SC Stop and Frisk

• Greenville News--New mental health crisis response

• Internal memo suggests SC police department violated no quota law

• Lawsuits against SC law enforcement are becoming more successful

• SC Department of Public Safety--Police contact reports

• SC Police Oversight Department (SLED)

• SC State House--Banning quotas

• South Carolina Legislature--Investigating police misconduct

• South Carolina Supreme Court memorandum on no-knock warrants

• The State--Cost of SC police misconduct

• WISTV News--Renewed spotlight on SC's military surplus programs

• WYFF News--Getting caught jaywalking could cost you hundreds

• WYFF News--Top law enforcement officer talks police reform

• South Dakota Legislature

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• City of Pierre public nuisance laws

• Institute for Justice--South Dakota civil asset forfeiture

• SD Highway Patrol reporting requirements

• South Dakota Legislature-End civil asset forfeiture

• South Dakota Legislature--Transporting mentally ill individuals to hospitals

• South Dakota Legislature--Warrants

• Tennessee Legislature

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• ACLU TN--Reduce incarceration for marijuana possession

• Kusi News--Memphis police to stop using no-knock warrants

• Nashville Public Radio--City approves misconduct settlement

• Tennessee Gov't Newsroom--Officer involved shootings

• Tennessee Legislature--Ban no-knock warrants

• Tennessee Legislature--Decriminalize Marijuana

• Tennessee Legislature--Grant program to transport mentally ill individuals

• Tennessee Legislature--Reforming civil asset forfeiture

• The Center Square--Asset forfeiture transparency law

• The Center Square--Criminal penalties for ticket quotas

• TN Crisis Intervention Team

• WVLT News--East Tennessee law enforcement agencies respond to 8 Can't Wait

• WWNTV News--TN questions about police militarization

• Texas Legislative Website

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• Dallas DA not prosecuting minor crimes

• Heartland News--Civil asset forfeiture reform in TX

• Hudson News--Why TX criminal justice reforms don't translate to the federal level

• KBTX--Ex Texas official accused of imposing traffic ticket quota

• Known drug activity and furtive movement not enough for probable cause in TX

• KWTX News--Police find no knock warrants necessary but extremely dangerous

• NPR-Houston police bans no knock warrants

• San Marcus use of cite and release laws

• Texas agencies have been the second largest beneficiaries of the 1033 program

• Texas penal code--ticket quotas

• Texas Tribune--TX Attorney General police misconduct

• Utah Legislature

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• Fox 13 News--Salt Lake City DA suggests changing use of force laws

• KSL News--When SWAT teams are used, why, and how much it costs

• Only 3 cops faced charges in the past decade

• Salt Lake City transparent policing

• Utah 1033 program

• Utah Legislature--Authority of peace officers to stop and question

• Utah Legislature--Ban quotas

• Utah Legislature--Standards for no knock warrants

• Vermont Legislature

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• Burlington police opt out of 1033 program

• Institute for Justice--VT Civil asset forfeiture

• Seven Days VT--Burlington community policing

• State Police Advisory Commission--independent investigation

• Vermont Blue Courage executive overview

• Vermont Legislature--comprehensive reporting

• Vermont senate passes police reforms

• VT Digger--Senate passes police and mental health budget amendment

• Virginia Legislature

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• Charleston hires mental health coordinator

• Daily Press-VA Police military surplus

• NPR--Major bills moving through Virginia Legislature 2021

• Pew Trusts--Virginia intervention training

• Richmond News--Henrico independent prosecutors

• Richmond News--Quota investigation

• Senate Democratic Caucus proposes police reform August 2020

• Virginia Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture reform

• Virginia Legislature--Objective justification and minor offenses

• Virginia Legislature--Officer involved shooting reports

• WUSA-Virginia Community Policing Act

• Washington Legislature

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• NBC Washington--US appeals court rejects qualified immunity in police shooting

• Washington Legislature-Initiative 904

• Washington Associate of Sheriffs and Police--Mental health response teams

• Washington Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture

• Washington Legislature--Quota use in evaluation

• Washington Senate Democrats--Crisis intervention training

• Traffic Stops in Washington-A judge's book

• West Virginia Legislature

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• NAACP--states that have banned pretextual stops

• Pro Publica--West Virginia police accountability in lethal shooting

• West Virginia Legislature--Asset seizure evidentiary burden

• West Virginia Legislature--Civil asset forfeiture reform and reporting

• West Virginia Legislature--Fining pedestrians for disobeying traffic signals

• West Virginia Legislature--Obstructing an officer

• West Virginia Legislature--Required reporting

• West Virginia police officer training

• The Newspaper--WV ticket quota

• Wisconsin Legislature

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• NORML-Wisconsin marijuana penalties

• NYC Data Science--WI State police stops

• Washington Post--WI reform requires conviction before asset seizure

• WI Policy Forum--Governors proposals for marijuana policy

• Wisconsin Law Journal--Lawyers weigh in on absurd and outdated laws

• Wisconsin Legislature-Ban quotas

• Wisconsin Legislature--No knock warrants permissible circumstances

• Wisconsin police investigation models

• Wyoming Legislature

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• KUOW--New police laws and training

• Institute for Justice--Wyoming

• Oil City News--Officer involved shootings

• Wyoming Annual Crime Reports

• Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation

• Wyoming Legislature--Reforming 911 Calls

• Wyoming Legislature--Reforming Mental Health services

• Wyoming Legislature--Ticket Quotas